Conceptualization of the back-ended risk premium Many of the minerals considered critical for energy transition exhibit back-ended risk in project development caused by technical and non-technical risks occurring in the later stages of the project (six to eight years after the exploration starts)6,7,8. Examples of critical minerals that exhibit back-ended risk are bauxite, cobalt, lithium,
Model backbone The designed model backbone can predict the equilibrium conformation and QC property simultaneously, denoted as \((y,\, {\hat{{\boldsymbol{r}}}})=f({{\boldsymbol{X}}},\, {{\boldsymbol{E}}},\, {{\boldsymbol{r}}};{{\boldsymbol{\theta }}})\). The model takes three inputs, (i) atom features (\({{\boldsymbol{X}}}\in {{\mathbb{R}}}^{n\times {d}_{f}}\), where n is the number of atoms and df is atom feature dimension), (ii) edge features (\({{\boldsymbol{E}}}\in {{\mathbb{R}}}^{n\times n\times {d}_{e}}\), where de
Barbieri N, Marzucchi A, Rizzo U (2020) Knowledge sources and impacts on subsequent inventions: Do green technologies differ from non-green ones? Res Policy, 49(2) Behera P, Sethi N (2022) Nexus between environment regulation, FDI, and green technology innovation in OECD countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(35):52940–52953 Article Google Scholar Ben Arfi W, Hikkerova L, Sahut
Entropy value method The entropy value method is highly regarded for its objectivity and scientific rigor in dynamic comprehensive evaluations. Its core principle involves utilizing the information entropy of each index to determine its weight, and then calculating the comprehensive evaluation result via a weighted average. This method involves several key steps: To address the